In his Preface to the book, Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique (1993), David McNally, Associate Professor of Political Science and the Director of the Graduate Program in Social and Political Thought at York University, Toronto, writes: I began work on this book in the summer of 1990, in the aftermath of the democratic uprisings of 1989 in Eastern Europe. At a moment when the permanent victory of the liberal ideology of the market was being triumphantly proclaimed, I set out to interrogate the origins of this ideology as a means of developing its socialist critique. Ron Allen: Most people believe that the para-democratic, or the semi-democratic victory in Eastern Europe was the triumph of democracy over socialism, the triumph of capitalism over communism, the triumph of liberty over slavery, the triumph of opportunity over oppression, and the triumph of good over evil.  However, I look at the many surprising events and amazing episodes which led up to the 1989 finale in a very different way, from a very atypical perspective.  Some of my fellow Americans believe 1989 was a victory of Americanism.  From my personal point of view, what gained the day in 1989 was not all of it an American-made product. The ideas of democracy and of freedom did not originate in the United States. The ideals of equality and justice did not spring up in America first, as if European national communities contributed little or nothing to the convictions and _object_ives embodied in libertarian and democratic beliefs.  The people of Eastern Europe were well aware of libertarian, republican, and democratic ideas,  And they were also fully conscious of the many obvious and significant contradictions that existed between the marxist theory